Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer

In this review, we examined relevant clinical trial results with immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. We also focused on the potential of immunotherapy in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting or as part of drug combinations. Finally, we briefly review the current landscape of biomarkers of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, tumor mutation burden, molecular subtypes of bladder cancer, and immune-gene expression profiling.