Dengue Virus: Infection, Immunological Response, and Vaccine Development

In the tropics and subtropics climates worldwide, the dengue virus (DENV) is the most common of arboviruses and a significant public health threat. The severe disease usually occurs during the primary infection, but more serious cases begin after the second instance of infection with a different serotype. Humans' innate immune system is composed of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, and they are capable of mounting rapid inflammatory responses. These cells are also called primary antigen-presenting cells, and they are essential for the formation of the immune system's long-term memory mechanisms. Through scientific advances, valuable knowledge into the pathogenesis of more serious diseases, and new methods to the production of dengue vaccines and antiviral drugs have been provided. We summarized details in the current literature review, including references, abstracts, and full text of journal articles. So that, we tried to review all available studies that projected existing awareness about the immune response to the dengue virus and the current status of the vaccine. Such information was selected and extracted from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for published data from 2000 to 2020 using relevant keywords containing a combination of terms, including dengue fever, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, immune response, and vaccine.