Impact of Organic Manure, Inorganic Fertilizers and Bioinoculants on Production and Economics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Abhishek Tiwari *
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.)-208002, India.
Anil Kumar
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.)-208002, India.
R. K. Pathak
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.)-208002, India.
Sanjeev Sharma
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.)-208002, India.
Hanuman Prasad Pandey
Department of Soil Science, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chandauli, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Ravindra Sachan
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.)-208002, India.
Veerendra Singh
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.)-208002, India.
Shubham Pandey
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.)-208002, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Field trials were undertaken to investigate the impact of integrated nutrient management on wheat yield and economic aspects during the Rabi season of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experimentation took place at the student's instructional farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology in Kanpur. The study encompassed 11 treatment combinations, organized in a randomized block design with three replications. These treatments involved varying combinations of inorganic fertilizers, organic manure, and biofertilizers. The cultivation of wheat variety HD-2967 was carried out in accordance with the suggested agronomic practices. Based on the outcomes derived from the investigation, it can be deduced that among the various productivity parameters, the treatment labeled as T10 [100 % NPK + S40 + Zn5 + Fe10 + Azotobacter + PSB + 5 ton FYM] exhibited the highest grain yield of 48.60 and 49.93 quintals per hectare, straw yield of 63.15 and 67.53 quintals per hectare, and biological yield of 111.75 and 117.46 quintals per hectare across both years of experimentation. For economic factors, the treatment T10 also yielded the highest gross returns of ₹ 1,40,190 and ₹154,632 during the first year (2021-22) and second year (2022-23) of the experiment, respectively. Moreover, the treatment T7 [100 % NPK + Zn5] showcased the maximum benefit-cost ratio (B:C ratio) of 2.26 and 2.31. It is noteworthy that the highest costs of cultivation were observed in the treatment T10, amounting to ₹ 53,805 in the first year and ₹ 55,561 in the second year. This treatment encompassed a combination of 100 % NPK, S40, Zn5, Fe10, Azotobacter, PSB, and 5 tons of FYM.
Keywords: Azotobacter, economics, FYM, phosphorous, PSB, wheat, yield
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Anonymous. Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2020. Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi. 2020;63.
Abedi T, Alemzadeh A, Kazemeini SA. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on grain yield and protein banding pattern of wheat Australian J. of Crop Sci., AJCS. 2010;4(6):384-389.
Rueda-Ayala VP, Rasmussen J, Gerhards R, Fournaise NE. The influence of post-emergence weed harrowing on selectivity, crop recovery and crop yield in different growth stages of winter wheat. Weed Res. 2011;51:478-488.
Dawe D, Dobermann A. Defining productivity and yield, In: IRRI Discussion paper series no. 33 Manila Philippines. 1999;13.
Pathak H, Ladha JK, Aggarwal PK, Peng S, Das S, Singh Y, Singh B, Kamra SK, Mishra B, Sastri ASRAS, Aggarwal HP, Das DK, Gupta RK. Climatic potential and on-farm yield trends of rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Field Crops Research. 2003;80(3):223-234.
Parewa HP, Yadav J, Rakshit A. Effect of Fertilizer Levels, FYM and Bioinoculants on Soil Properties in Inceptisol of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int. J. Agri. Environ. Biotechn. 2014;7(3):517-525.
Rakshit A, Sarkar NC, Sen D. Influence of organic manures on productivity of two varieties of rice. J. Central Euro. Agri. 2008;9(4):629-634.
Mandal NN, Chaudhry PP, Sinha D. Nitrogen, nitrogen and potash uptake of wheat (var.Sonalika). Environ. Econ., 1992;10:297-297.
Krylov YAI, Pavlov VD. Effect of fertilizer on yield and protein contents in wheat grain. Agrochimiya. 1989;1: 49-51.
Garrido-Lestache EL, L´opez-Bellido RJ, L´opez-Bellido L. Durum wheat quality under Mediterranean conditions as affected by N rate, timing and splitting, N form and S fertilization. Europ J Agron. 2005;23:265–278.
Dupont FM, Altenbach SB. Molecular and biochemical impacts of environmental factors on wheat grain development and protein synthesis. J Cereal Sci. 2003;38:133–146.
Ziadi N, Bélanger G, Cambouris AN, Tremblay N, Nolin MC, Claessens A. Relationship between phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in spring wheat. Agron. J. 2008;100 (1):80- 86.
Mehrvarz S, Chaichi MR. Effect of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and phosphorus chemical fertilizer on forage and grain quality of barely (Hordeum vulgare, L.). Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 2008;3(6):855- 860.
Moussa BIM. Response of wheat plants growth in sandy soils to K and some micronutrients fertilization. Egypt J. Soil Sci. 2000;40(4):481-493.
Jabbar AT, Aziz IH, Bhatti ZA, Virk MM, Khan, Wasl-u-Din. Effect of potassium application on yield and protein contents of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions. Soil & Environment. 2009;28(2):193-196.
Choudhary SK, Thakur SK, Pandey AK. Response of wetland rice to nitrogen and zinc. Oryza. 2007;44(1):31-34.
Marschner H. Sulfur supply, plant growth, and plant composition. In mineral nutrition of higher plants Academic press, Cambridge. 1997;261-265.
Järvan ML, Lukme I, Akk A. The effect of sulphur on biological quality of protein and baking properties of winter wheat. Transactions of ERIA. 2006;71:123-128.
Sharma A, Singh H, Nanwal RK. Effect of nutrient management on productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under limited and adequate irrigation supply. Indian J Agron. 2007;52:120-123.
Swarup A. Integrated plant nutrient supply and management strategies for enhancing soil quality, input use efficiency and crop productivity. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 2010;58:25-31.
Panhwar QA, Shamshuddin J, Naher UR, Radziah O, Mohd Razi I. Biochemical and molecular characterization of potential phosphate solubilizing bacteria in acid sulfate soils and their beneficial effects on rice production. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(10):e97241.
Saquee FS, Diakite S, Kavhiza NJ, Pakina E, Zargar M. The Efficacy of Micronutrient Fertilizers on the Yield Formulation and Quality of Wheat Grains. Agronomy. 2023;13(2):566.
Walkley A, Black IA. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 1934;37:29-38.
Subbiah BV, Asija CL. A rapid procedure for the estimation of available N in soil. Curr Sci. 1956;25:259-260.
Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe FS, Dean LA. Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA, Cric. 1954;930:19-23.
Hanway JJ, Heidel H. Soil analysis methods as used in Iowa State College, Soil Testing Laboratory. Iowa Agriculture. 1952;54:1-31.
Chensin L, Yien CH. Turbidimetric determination of available sulphates. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc. 1951;15:149-151.
Lindsay WL, Norvell WA. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 1978;42(3):421-428.
Singh YY, Jat LK. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) and soil fertility of an Inceptisol. Environ Ecol. 2016;34(3C):1523-1529.
Kumar A, Dimree S, Sachan R, Shekhar C, Gangwar K, Kumar M. Effect of FYM and zinc on growth, yield attributes and productivity parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Asian Jr of Microbiol Biotech Env Sc. 2022;24(4):20-23.
Sachan K, Kumar A, Hasan A, Verma AK. Impact of different treatments on yield and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in central Uttar Pradesh. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2022;11(5):2210-2213.
Verma H, Pathak RK, Kumar A, Sachan R, Pandey HP, Tiwari A, Yadav AS. Effect of Inorganic Fertilizers, Organic Manure and Bioinoculant on Production and Economics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 2022;12(11):3716-3724.
Sirohiya A, Kumar A, Pathak RK, Sachan R, Tiwari A, Nema S, Singh AK. Effect of Organic Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on Productivity Parameters and Quality Traits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 2022;12(11):1197-1202.
Kumar P, Dubey SD, Sachan R, Rawat CL, Kumar V. Effect of Organic Manure, Inorganic Fertilizers and Biofertilizers on Nutrient Content of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Their Residual Effect on Succeeding Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science. 2022;34(20): 817-827, 2022; Article no.IJPSS.89229 ISSN: 2320-7035.
Dwivedi SK, Meshram MR, Pandey N. Response of customized fertilizer on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Chhattisgarh condition. The Bioscan. 2014;9:1509-1512.
Patra B, Singh J, Hooda VS, Kapoor A. Effect of seed priming, bio fertilizer inoculations and nitrogen levels on yield attributes, yield and economic returns of late sown wheat. Int J Chem Stud. 2019;7(3):95-9.
Verma H, Pathak RK, Kumar A, Sachan R, Pandey HP, Tiwari A, Yadav AS. Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth Parameters, Yield Components and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science. 2022;34(23):1050-1057.
Gupta R, Yadav AS, Sachan R. Response of different varieties and sowing methods on yield and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2022;11(7):1880-1883.
Afzal A, Ashraf M, Saeed A, Asad, Farooq M. Effect of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms on phosphorus uptake, yield and yield traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rainfed area. Int J Agric Biol. 2005;7:207-209.
Ahmad L, Rassol S, Habib K, Elamathi S. Effect of integrated nitrogen management on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Journal of Research. 2006;8:131-134.
Apte R, Shende ST. Studies on Azotobacter chroococcum IV. Seed bacterization with strains of A. chroococct~m and their effect on crop yields. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 198;136:637.
Gomez KA, Gomez AA. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley & Sons; 1984.
Kumar V, Nikhil R, Singh RA. Effect of different combination of FYM and urea on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences. 2017;6(2):395-398.
Maurya RN, Singh UP, Kumar S, Yadav AC, Yadav RA. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2019;7(1): 770-773.